Using Context Clue

เรื่อง เทคนิคการเรียนรู้คำศัพท์จากบริบท ประเภทการให้คำจำกัดความ

 การให้คำจำกัดความ (Definition) ในการเรียนรู้คำศัพท์ยาก ผู้อ่านอาจจะอาศัยการเดาความหมายจากการให้คำจำกัดความที่ผู้เขียนได้อธิบายความหมายของคำศัพท์ออกมาโดยตรง โดยที่ผู้อ่านไม่จำเป็นต้องเปิดหาความหมายของคำศัพท์จากพจนานุกรม คำชี้แนะที่เป็นตัวช่วยในการบอกความหมายประเภทการให้คำจำกัดความ ได้แก่ Verb to be (is, are) mean that is refer to called / be called consist of can be defined as ตัวอย่างประโยคการให้คำจำกัดความ - Geometry is one branch of mathematics about line, angles, and surfaces. - A meteorite is a falling star that reaches the earth without burning up. - Meat of deer is called venison. - The earth’s hydrosphere consist of water on its surface, water, vapor in the air and even water that has soaked into the soil. นอกจากนี้ยังมีเครื่องหมายวรรคตอน (Punctuations)
ที่ถูกใช้เป็นตัวชี้แนะในการช่วยการเดาความหมายคำศัพท์ที่เราไม่คุ้นเคยอีก ได้แก่ , ,……., ……-……. (…………)
Context Clue
Context Clues การเดาความหมายจากบริบท
context = ปริบทหรือบริบท , clue = ตัวชี้แนะ อุปสรรคที่มักพบบ่อยๆ
ในการอ่านภาษาอังกฤษ ก็คือ การไม่รู้ความหมายของคำศัพท์ ทำให้ไม่สามารถเข้าใจข้อความที่อ่าน
ไม่สามารถตีความโจทย์ข้อสอบได้ อ่านไม่เข้าใจ ทำข้อสอบได้ไม่ดี วิธีที่จะช่วยแก้ปัญหานี้ก็คือ ต้องรู้ความหมายศัพท์และสามารถนำไปใช้ได้ แต่การรู้ความหมายศัพท์โดยไม่ต้องเปิดพจนานุกรม (Dictionary) นั้น ทำได้อย่างไร คำตอบก็คือ นักเรียนมีความจำเป็นที่จะต้องเดาความหมายนั้นจากบริบท (Context)
ซึ่งหมายถึง ข้อความ หรือศัพท์หลายๆ คำซึ่งแวดล้อมคำศัพท์ตัวที่เราไม่รู้ความหมาย แล้วทำให้เดาความหมายของศัพท์ที่ไม่รู้ได้ บริบทเป็นสิ่งจำเป็นต่อการเข้าใจคำศัพท์ เป็นอย่างมาก ทั้งนี้เพราะ ความหมายของคำ คำใดคำหนึ่งนั้นจะต้องขึ้นอยู่กับคำอื่นๆ ซึ่งอยู่ข้างเคียงด้วย เช่น คำว่า "about" We know about that. (about = concerning) แต่ถ้า It is about six o'clock. (about = close to) เป็นต้น
ผู้อ่านสามารถตีความหมายได้โดยอาศัยสิ่งแนะที่อยู่ในปริบท (Context Clues) สิ่งชี้แนะหรือตัวสัญญาณ (Clues / signal words) สามารถช่วยชี้แนะความหมายของคำศัพท์ที่ไม่คุ้นเคยให้กับผู้อ่านได้อย่างถูกต้องตรงตามปริบท สิ่งชี้แนะหรือตัวสัญญาณที่สำคัญได้แก่
1. Definition type (การให้คำนิยาม)
2. Restatement type (การกล่าวซ้ำ)
3. Example type (การยกตัวอย่าง)
4. Comparison or Contrast type (การเปรียบเทียบ หรือ บอกความแตกต่าง)
5. Cause and Effect relationship type (การใช้ความสัมพันธ์ในเรื่องเหตุและผล)
6. Explanation type (การอธิบาย)
7. Modifier type (การใช้ตัวขยาย)
8. Subjective type (การใช้เนื้อเรื่อง)
9. Familiar type (การใช้คำที่คุ้นเคยที่มีความหมายใกล้เคียง)

Drawing conclusion

Drawing conclusions refers to information that is implied or inferred. This means that the information is never clearly stated.

Writers often tell you more than they say directly. They give you hints or clues that help you "read between the lines." Using these clues to give you a deeper understanding of your reading is called inferring. When you infer, you go beyond the surface details to see other meanings that the details suggest or imply (not stated). When the meanings of words are not stated clearly in the context of the text, they may be implied - that is, suggested or hinted at. When meanings are implied, you may infer them.

Inference is just a big word that means a conclusion or judgement. If you infer that something has happened, you do not see, hear, feel, smell, or taste the actual event. But from what you know, it makes sense to think that it has happened. You make inferences everyday. Most of the time you do so without thinking about it. Suppose you are sitting in your car stopped at a red signal light. You hear screeching tires, then a loud crash and breaking glass. You see nothing, but you infer that there has been a car accident. We all know the sounds of screeching tires and a crash. We know that these sounds almost always mean a car accident. But there could be some other reason, and therefore another explanation, for the sounds. Perhaps it was not an accident involving two moving vehicles. Maybe an angry driver rammed a parked car. Or maybe someone played the sound of a car crash from a recording. Making inferences means choosing the most likely explanation from the facts at hand.

There are several ways to help you draw conclusions from what an author may be implying. The following are descriptions of the various ways to aid you in reaching a conclusion.

General Sense

The meaning of a word may be implied by the general sense of its context, as the meaning of the word incarcerated is implied in the following sentence:

Murderers are usually incarcerated for longer periods of time than robbers.

You may infer the meaning of incarcerated by answering the question "What usually happens to those found guilty of murder or robbery?" Use the text box below to write down what you have inferred as the meaning of the word incarcerated.

If you answered that they are locked up in jail, prison, or a penitentiary, you correctly inferred the meaning of incarcerated.

Examples

When the meaning of the word is not implied by the general sense of its context, it may be implied by examples. For instance,

Those who enjoy belonging to clubs, going to parties, and inviting friends often to their homes for dinner are gregarious.

You may infer the meaning of gregarious by answering the question "What word or words describe people who belong to clubs, go to parties a lot, and often invite friends over to their homes for dinner?" Use the lines below to write down what you have inferred as the meaning of the word gregarious.

If you wrote social or something like: "people who enjoy the company of others", you correctly inferred the meaning of gregarious.

Antonyms and Contrasts

When the meaning of a word is not implied by the general sense of its context or by examples, it may be implied by an antonym or by a contrasting thought in a context. Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings, such as happy and sad. For instance,

Ben is fearless, but his brother is timorous.

You may infer the meaning of timorous by answering the question "If Ben is fearless and Jim is very different from Ben with regard to fear, then what word describes Jim?" Write your answer on the following line.

If you wrote a word such as timid, or afraid, or fearful, you inferred the meaning of timorous.

1.5 Predicting Outcomes  p. 34-36

A. Read the passages and predict the outcome

1. Bill and John both run the 100 m dash. Bill has won the race for   year. But he didn’t train as hard this year as he had fallen ill. This time John Practiced regularly every day. On the day of the math, Bill and John line up to start.

What do you predict will happen next?

a.             a. Bill will win the race.

b       b. John will win the race.

c       c. John will drop out of the race.

2. Mont looked of out the window. He saw dark clouds gathering in the sky. Soon the clouds covered the sun and the wind began to blow. Just the Mort remembered that his mum had asked him to bring in the dried laundry from the garden.

What do you predict will happen next?

a.             a. Mort will play a video game with a friend.

b.      b. Mort will go out to the garden to fetch the laundry.

c.       c. Mort will go to the room to relax.

3. Brent is an Alaskan sled dog. He has a cost of heavy fur that helps keep him warm. He likes to stand by the fireplace when he gets cold. Brent was out in the snow all day long and got very cold.

What do you predict will happen next?

a.            a.  Brent will pull a sled through the snow.

b.       b.Brent will sleep in the snow.

c.       c.Brent will stand by the fire.

B. Make your own predictions.

1. Dan wanted to buy some candy at the store but he forgot his money at home.

What do you think will happen next?

Dan will go back home to bring his money.

2. Sunee was climbing up a tree when she heard a “snap!” What do you think will happen next?

Sunee will fall from the tree.

3. Aroon had been waiting all week to go to the beach. He was all ready to go when his mother said, “ We have guests at home.” What do you think will happen next?

Aroon canmot go to the beach.

4. Fred was all alone at home and it was dark outside. The only thing he could hear was a small scratching sound in the window. What do you think will happen next?

Fred will look or out the window

C. .Read the passages and predict the outcome.

1. Rita was taking a four-week trip to Hawaii. She had asked a neighbor to water her plants while she was away. As Rita boarded the flight, She realised she had brought the house keys with her. She had forgotten to give her keys to her neighbor.

What do you think the outcome will be?

a.            a.  Rita’s plants are healthy when she returns.

b.       b.   Rita decides to drive home instead of fly.

c.       c.  Rita’s plants with away from lack of water.

d.       d. Rita cannot get into her house when she returns.

 2. The much awaited film’s opening show was at nine. The cast included the icons of Hollywood. Ticket sale started at seven. Henry got to ticket office at nine.

What do you think the outcome will be?

a.            a.  Henry gets the best seats in the theatre.

b.       b. Henry’s gets tickets to the film.

c.        c.   Henry does not get tickets to the film

d.        d.  The show gets cancelled.

3. Terry was training her dog to roll over. She Knew that it liked dog treats. First Terry made the dog roll over when she said, “ Roll over “ . Then she gave it a treat. Terry did this several times each day.

a. The dog sits up when he sees a dog treat.

b. Her dog learns to roll over.

c. Terry finds out that you can’t teach her dog tricks.

d. The dog barks when it wants to go outside.